2.2. Ethical Considerations Given that the corpus includes harmful and demeaning imagery, ethical protocols emphasised harm minimisation and the careful handling of extremist content (Conway, 2021). O

2.2. Ethical Considerations
Given that the corpus includes harmful and demeaning imagery, ethical protocols emphasised
harm minimisation and the careful handling of extremist content (Conway, 2021). Original
memes are not reproduced in the article. Instead, the four case-study examples are presented
exclusively through schematic reconstructions created using standard image-editing tools,
including limited Al-assisted transformations. These reconstructions retain only general
compositional features such as overall layout and relative positioning of elements, while all
offensive text, sensitive imagery, and any potentially identifying material have been removed.
This approach allows the analytical structure of the meme to be conveyed without
recirculating recognisable or politically charged imagery.